Off the top of my head, I don’t think that is possible.  The only widgets that I know can show the courses a user is enrolled into is the Courses and Learning Plan widget or the Tasks widget, but you cannot limit which catalogs to show in those widgets.  

adding on to @Annarose.Peterson ...correct, however if the user only has access to the certain catalogues you display on the page, and your admins are not enrolling users into course that are not in any catalogues (or not in the catalogues the user can see), it should give you what you need.